Choose your expatriate situation, including the city and country to which you will be sending this person.Write a expatriate packet for him.The packet should conclude an “introduction letter”, “summary” and all the information an expatriate should know in a new country, you can check the samples first and see how they write these orientation document.You can choose any countries you like.No less than 10 pages of content, no less than 10 references (can be online sources). APA style.Thank you!111 Business Avenue
Washington, DC 24242
November 16, 2002
Dear Future Expatriate:
Welcome to the XYZ International Team. We are very pleased that you have
decided to accept a position in our Scotland office. While you will not be
transferring for nine months, we would like to take the time to familiarize you with
some of the aspects of Scotland you will be encountering and some details on
your Scotland assignment.
Scotland is one of our most popular International assignments. We are very
proud of the relationship this office has with the local community and we are sure
you will enjoy your time in Scotland. Because it is part of the United Kingdom,
you may be under the impression that life and business operates just the same in
Scotland as it does in the United States. While there are many similarities, there
are also many differences. We would like to familiarize you with some of them so
that you and your family will be able to adapt more quickly and learn to enjoy
your three years in Scotland.
The following is an Orientation Guide to Scotland and our International Program.
It is not meant to teach you every Scottish nuance but to give you some
background information so that you may adjust more easily. This information has
been compiled over time with the help of our past and present Expatriates in
each of our subsidiary countries. It is full of questions our employees have asked
and we have researched the answers. The Orientation Guide is divided into
three sections. The first section contains general information on the country.
The second section contains information specifically related to business and
business practices in the country. The third section provides information on
company specific policies and practices that you will experience before and after
your arrival in Scotland.
I hope you and your family will be very happy in your new assignment. If at any
time you need further assistance, please contact me or any other member of the
Expatriate training team and we will be happy to assist you.
Best wishes,
xxx
Vice President of Expatriate Training
XYZ Company
General Information on Scotland
Where is Scotland Located?
Scotland is one of four nations that form the United Kingdom. The other three
are England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Scotland occupies the northern part
of the island of Great Britain. Scotland is 31,510 square miles in area. The four
major cities in Scotland are Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Bundee. Our
office is located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Edinburgh is located in the
Southeastern section of Scotland. Scotland includes some 790 islands in varying
sizes. The three main geographic regions are the Highlands, the Central
Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.
The Scots are very passionate about the fact that they are separate from
England and are their own country.
See Attachment 1, for a basic map of Scotland.
What is the Scottish Government like?
Scotland’s government is divided into four tiers. Local government is divided into
29 unitary authorities and three island authorities. A new Scottish Parliament,
based in Edinburgh, was elected in 1999. The Scottish Parliament is responsible
for most aspects of Scottish life. The National Parliament in London is
responsible for defense, foreign affairs, and taxation. The European Parliament
in Belgium exercises powers vested in the European Union. Scotland has its
own legal, judiciary, education, and banking systems that differ from the rest of
the United Kingdom.
What is the Population of Scotland?
The last population Statistics for Scotland came out in 1991 with a population of
5,102,400. The city of Edinburgh had 441,620 residents in 1993.
What Language is spoken in Scotland?
The official language of Scotland is English. While there are some differences
between “American English” and “Scottish English.” Scottish English draws
somewhat from French and Gaelic.
Approximately 86,000 Scots, primarily in the North and West, speak Gaelic.
Scottish Gaelic is similar to the other Celtic languages (Irish Gaelic and Manx
Gaelic) and can be understood among people who speak any Celtic language.
There are fewer than 1,000 people who only speak Gaelic and cannot speak
English. Although you will not need to know Gaelic in order to communicate with
Scots, there are some terms you might want to be familiar with in order to
understand the nuances of what the Scots are trying to convey.
See Attachment 2 for some Scottish Vocabulary.
What kind of dress is worn in Scotland?
Everyday dress in Scotland is similar to that of the United States, although
business dress leans more toward the conservative. (This will be discussed
further in the Second Section of the Orientation Guide.)
Traditional Scottish Dress includes what is known as the Tartan. The Tartan is a
patterned wool cloth that is specific to Scottish Clans or family-based groupings.
Men wear tartans in the form of kilts and women in the form of pleated skirts.
Most other forms of tartans are sold only to tourists.
What is the flag of Scotland?
The Scottish flag is the cross of St. Andrew, also known as the Saltire. It dates
back to the 12th century. St. Andrew was an apostle of Jesus in the Christian
religion and was put to death by the Romans in Greece by being pinned to a
cross of this shape.
What is the Weather like in Scotland?
During the summer months, temperatures in Edinburgh range between the lower
50s and upper 60s in Fahrenheit. During the winter months, temperatures range
from the lower 30s to the lower 40s in Fahrenheit. The west of Scotland tends to
be warmer than the east, while the Highlands are artic-like.
Edinburgh receives average rainfall of 27 inches. This area has less average
rainfall than the rest of the country.
What kind of air transportation is available in Scotland?
Scotland has 4 international airports in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and
Prestwick, the first two being the primary airports. Flights are available
domestically and internationally. Many large airlines operate in the area,
including American Airlines, British Airways, Continental, and many others.
In order to pass customs in Scotland, you and your family will need Passports
and Visas, because you are staying more than 6 months. We will soon be giving
you the required paperwork to fill out and we will process these through the
Expatriate Training office.
What Electric Current is used in Scotland?
The voltage in Scotland is 220/240 AC, 50 Hz. In order to use any foreign
appliances, you will need adapters and transformers. Americans voltage is 110.
Plugging your appliances or electronics in will cause them to short circuit without
a transformer. Some electronics, such as clocks, will not work properly when
plugged in because the cycles are different. We suggest you use batterypowered clocks, or purchase clocks when you arrive.
What kind of Food do they eat in Scotland?
Scottish cuisine heavily contains meats and fish, usually without heavy sauces.
The Scots are known for their venison, salmon, Aberdeen Angus beef, and
cheeses. Oats are very common because of the cold, wet soil.
See Attachment 3 for descriptions of some common Scottish foods.
What is Driving like in Scotland?
Like the rest of Great Britain, Scots drive on the left side of the rode as opposed
to the right as in the United States. This will take a lot of time to get used to.
You will have to obtain a driver’s license from the United Kingdom upon your
arrival. You will be assisted in doing so upon your arrival. In order to obtain an
UK license, you must be at least 17 years of age. If you have 16-year-old
children who can drive in the United States, they will not be able to do so in
Scotland until they turn 17. You must pass a theory and practical test in order to
obtain your license.
You must also have valid insurance to drive a car. Some American insurance
companies do not cover driving abroad. Check with your carrier in the states
before you leave to see if they can cover you overseas. If they do not and you
need assistance finding an insurance carrier who will cover you overseas, please
contact our office.
Gas in Scotland, as in the rest of Europe, is sold by the liter and is expensive
relative to the prices in the United States.
The roads in Scotland are up to date and comparable with United States
Highway systems. Roads connect to the rest of Great Britain. Roadside
assistance is available, as it is in the United States. Scotland and the U.K. also
have an extensive public transportation system including bus and rail.
How do you obtain Medical Care in Scotland?
Almost all of Scotland’s doctors and hospitals are part of the National Health
Service. The National Health Service has hospital and general practitioner
services that are free to everyone. Other services, such as eye tests, dentistry
and prescribed medicines are usually charged for. These free services are
available only to U.K. residents and certain E.U. nationals.
For most Americans, medical expenses must be paid in full at the time of the
visit, and claims filed with your insurance company after the visit. XYZ
employees, regardless of their host country, are covered just as its Scottish
employees are. The company pays for all medical services with the exception of
those mentioned above.
What form of Currency is used in Scotland?
Scotland has its own banking system and issues its own banknotes that are
referred to as pounds (£). The banknotes are good in Scotland and are generally
accepted elsewhere in the United Kingdom, although they are not legal tender.
Scottish banknotes are issued in the following denominations £1, £5, £10, £20,
and £100. Three different banks have the authority to issue notes in agreed
upon colors; £5 notes are blue, £10 brown, £20 maroon/purple, £50 green and
£100 red. This is also the color scheme followed by the Bank of England. The
Royal Bank of Scotland is the only bank that continues to issue £1 notes, which
are progressively being replaced by coins.
While the Euro is growing as accepted currency in Europe, the United Kingdom
has been resistant to the change. Pounds are still the currency of choice.
Exchanges rates are the same for both Scottish and English notes. £1 was
equal to approximately $1.56 on November 16, 2002. Exchange rates are highly
stable between the U.S. dollar and the Scottish/British pound.
How does the Cost of Living in Scotland compare to the U.S.?
According to the Expat Forum, goods and services that would cost $100.00 in the
United States would cost $140.00 in the United Kingdom. This puts Scotland in
the higher Cost of Living End compared to other large countries throughout the
world. According to this index, the United Kingdom measures very closely to
Argentina, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Japan and Switzerland are the only two
countries on the list that rate higher than the United Kingdom.
This is one of the cost of living adjustments you received with your pay. In order
to maintain the same quality of life, you will have to spend 1.4 times the amount
you would in the United States.
Is there a lot of Crime in Scotland?
Scotland is not a dangerous place and generally has low crime rates. Crime is
not something that you should be worried about any more than you would be
where you currently live. At the same time, there are not a significant number of
crimes against foreigners, including Americans that would be considered unusual
or different from that of the United States. While there is a history of terrorist
violence in nearby Northern Ireland, those circumstances do not pertain to
Scotland.
See Attachment 4 for a breakdown of the crimes recorded by the Police in 2001.
Are the Laws Different in Scotland than in the United States?
Some laws are different in Scotland than in the United States. While you and
your family are in Scotland, you can be held responsible for breaking local laws.
Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States.
Even if you don’t know you are breaking the law, you can be deported, arrested
or put in prison.
For business purposes, there are some differences in employment practices
between Scotland and the United States. When beginning work in Scotland, you
will be briefed in depth by the Human Resources Department locally about laws
that may affect your business. See Attachment 5 for some general guidelines
on dismissal, discrimination, conditions of employment, and work related
accidents. Fundamentally, these laws are very similar to those found in the
United States.
The court system in Scotland differs from that in the United States. There are
different court systems for different kinds of offenses. See Attachment 6 for the
structure of the Scottish court system.
Are the Taxes different in Scotland?
Taxes are significantly higher in Scotland than in the United States. Not only are
you paying payroll taxes as in the United States, but also National Insurance fees
for other services provided by the Government. These services include the free
Health Care discussed earlier.
In order to work in Scotland and pay taxes, you will have to register for a National
Insurance number, similar to American Social Security Numbers. The Expatriate
Training Department will provide that paperwork for you and your family.
How do the Scots feel about Americans?
The Scots are very welcoming and accepting to all visitors, regardless of what
country they are from. Around 20,000 Americans reside throughout Scotland for
work, study or because of marriage.
What is the Prominent Religion in Scotland?
The national religion in Scotland is Presbyterian, although the Scots have the
freedom to practice any religion they choose. Christian by far dominants the
religious landscape.
What Holidays are Celebrated in Scotland?
While local areas have their own holidays celebrated only in their area, the
following are the public holidays celebrated throughout Scotland:
New Year – January 1st and 2nd
Good Friday – Late march or Early April
May Day – First Monday in May
Spring Bank Holiday – Last Monday in May
Summer Bank Holiday – First Monday in August
Christmas Day – December 25th
Boxing Day – December 26th
Information on Scotland’s Business Environment
Are there a lot of Multinational Firms in Scotland?
There are over 700 multinational firms operating in Scotland, forty percent of
which are from the United States. The Scots enjoy doing business with other
countries and it is highly encouraged.
Some other major companies doing business in Scotland are Agilent, Alcatel,
Bank of Bermuda, British Airways, Cadence, Emtelle, IBM, NB Organon,
Siemens, Sulzer Vazcutech, Sun Microsystems, Thales Optronics, and UPM
Kymenne Group.
What are the Advantages to doing Business in Scotland?
Scotland boasts an excellent education system, a very highly skilled workforce,
very high productivity levels, a very good quality of life, and outstanding support
from the government. Scotland offers strengths in traditional areas such as
textiles, food and drink as well as abilities on the leading edge of electronics.
What Sectors Dominate the Scottish Economy?
Finance, electronics, biotechnology, energy, oil-related industries, tourism, and
education have become the dominant sectors over the last 30 years. This is a
change from the former coalmining, steel making, shipbuilding, and heavy
engineering days.
What is Manufactured in Scotland?
Scotland’s principal manufacturing comes from Food, Drink and Tobacco (20%),
Metals, Mechanical Engineering & Transport Equipment (21%), Electrical &
Instrument Engineering (23%) and Petroleum, Nuclear, Chemicals, and Mineral
Products (12%).
The Scots are very proud of their technological production. They product over
30% of branded Personal Computers in Europe, nearly 80% of Europe’s
workstations, 65% of Europe’s ATM’s and over 50% of Europe’s notebook
computers. ( http://www.electricscotland.com/business/scottish_business.htm )
Are Unions Prevalent in Scotland?
Unions play a much larger part in Scottish business than they do in American
business. As with the rest of Europe, trade unions operate on the industry level
rather than the firm level. According to a survey done in 2001 by the government
of the United Kingdom, 35% of Scottish workers belong to unions. The majority
of these are in the public sector; 66% of public sector employees belong to
unions. 22% of private sector employees belong to unions.
The prevalence of unions throughout the United Kingdom has fallen 21% since
1989. It reached its peak in 1979.
See Attachment 7 for statistics on the breakdown of union membership by
occupation.
Is there a High Rate of Unemployment in Scotland?
Scotland’s unemployment rate is low, at just over 7%.
Are there Certain Aspects of Business Culture to be Aware Of?
This is a very important area and there are many areas to be addressed. The
following information is obtained from http://www.executiveplanet.com/businessculture
What you should know before meeting with Scottish business people:
Business cards should be printed in English and business people in
Scotland regularly exchange them.
Final decisions are the responsibility of “managing directors,” the most
senior executives in Scottish companies.
“Chain of Command” is important in Scottish business. By watching the
managing director and how other participants defer to one another, you
can gauge who has what authority.
Women participate in the Scottish workforce, but there are few in
managerial positions. The most effective way business women can show
their competence is by being professional, demonstrating competence,
and dressing conservatively.
It is an asset to bring presentation material accompanied by visuals such
as charts and graphs to meetings.
Always allow for a “question and answer” period during the presentation.
Always remain guarded and professional, regardless of the atmosphere of
the meeting.
Shortly after the meeting, it is a good policy to provide follow-up by
sending a summary of the results to the participants.
What you should know about business entertaining:
Lunch and dinner are usually the preferred time to entertain.
Entertaining that takes place in people’s homes usually includes spouses.
Customarily, when a businesswoman is entertaining a businessman, lunch
is a more appropriate setting.
The lounge section of the pub in Scotland is often referred to as the
“saloon”. Both women and men frequent these areas, but women don’t
often go alone.
At dinner parties, host and hostess are seated at opposite ends of the
table. The male guest of honor is seated to the right of the hostess; the
female guest of honor is seated to the right of the host.
The traditional Scottish toast is “Shlante,” to your health.
Whisky is Scotland’s national drink (and spelled without a “e”). It is
typically served straight or with water, but no ice.
Scots use the “continental” style of dining, with the fork kept in the left
hand, tines down, and the knife in the right hand at all times.
Be sure to always keep your hands above the table.
Food is typically served “family style,” on platters passed around allowing
you to serve yourself.
What you should know about tipping:
A 10-15% tip is usually included on restaurant bills, if it is not, a tip of the
same amount is customary. If the tip is included, you may also leave
some change.
Tip hotel porters 25p for each bag handled.
Chambermaids should receive £1 for each day of your stay.
Taxi drivers should be tipped 10-15% of the fare.
What you should know about appointments:
Meetings should be scheduled outside of the summer months when many
Scots go on vacation.
It is important to be punctual at work and in social situations. Arrive on
time to every type of event.
What you should know about gift giving:
When you are invited to a dinner party at someone’s home, flowers, wine
and fine chocolates are good selections for gifts.
Business gifts are not given until the deal is about to conclude.
Appropriate gifts include desk accessories, a paperweight with your
company logo, a coffee table book about your home country, or a good
bottle of whisky.
What you should know about addressing others:
Do not address people by their first names unless you are asked to do so,
use their last name with appropriate title.
The title of Doctor is only used for people who have earned a medical
degree.
The title of “Sir” should be used when addressing a man who has been
knighted by the Queen, followed by his first name.
What you should know about appropriate public behavior:
Talking too loudly in public is sometimes considered offensive and
embarrassing. Try to speak in a low, moderate tone of voice.
Scots tend to downplay hand gestures and other physical expressions in
conversation.
Keep your hands out of your pockets when standing or walking.
Remain at least one arms’ length distance from others; Scots tend to be
low contact people.
Scots are very respectful when standing in line. Limit small talk to the
subject of your immediate surroundings.
What you should know about Business Attire:
Business Attire is similar to what you see in the United States, except
more conservative with darker colors and heavier fabrics prevailing.
Men should wear suits with starched shirts and ties. Avoid wearing striped
ties, as they resemble British “regimental” neckties.
Women should wear conservative, yet stylish skirted suits. Pantsuits are
not as accepted in Scotland as in the United States, but may be
appropriate in some situations.
What you should know about Appropriate Conversation Topics:
Scots tend to be very soft-spoken and private. It takes time to develop a
rapport with them.
Scots are very proud of their culture, so refrain from making jokes or
speaking dismissively about any aspect of Scottish culture.
Avoid making comments that group the Scots with the English.
Refer to things that are of Scottish origin as “Scottish,” not “Scotch.”
Women are commonly referred to as “deary” or “love.” These are
considered to be acceptable and endearing.
Acceptable conversation topics include: the weather, your travels in
Scotland and Europe, and outdoor activities.
Topics to avoid include: politics, Northern Ireland, religion, inquiring about
a Scot’s family, and asking what a person does for a living.
Information on your Assignment in Scotland
Do I or my family get to go to Scotland before we Relocate?
Before you relocate to Scotland, you will receive two preliminary visits. The first
visit takes place three months before you actually move. This trip is for the
employee only and will include a tour of the area and an Orientation to XYZ
Scotland. This visit will be one week in duration. The second trip is for you and
your entire family (if you have one). It will take place two months before you
actually move. The purpose of this trip is to orient your family to the area, find
housing, and select a school for your children (if you have children).
Is there someone I can contact in Scotland with questions?
Before your first preliminary visit, you will be assigned a sponsor. Sponsors are
fellow American expatriates with XYZ that have been in country for approximately
a year and a half, half the assignment period. We make every effort to assign
you a sponsor that has a similar family situation to yours. Your sponsor will meet
you upon your arrival on both of your preliminary visits as well as when you arrive
permanently.
Most employees find the sponsorship program to be highly beneficial. Sponsors
are available to answer any questions you may have and to guide you through
your first experiences in Scotland.
Will there be a Training Period after I Arrive?
We make every effort to conduct an overlap period between existing and new
managers. The typical period of overlap at least four weeks. Your predecessor
is also available before you depart for questions and preparation. We find that
the overlap in an international environment is even more important than it is in
the domestic environment.
What kind of Housing will I receive?
Part of your Cost of Living Allowance is for housing. The average Scottish
person spends 14% of their income on housing. Flats (apartments) and houses
are typical in Edinburgh. On your second preliminary visit, you will be put in
touch with the real estate agent that works with XYZ. Of course, you are
permitted to make arrangements individually if you choose, but most Expatriates
find this service to be very helpful.
Where will my Children go to School?
As stated before, the Scots pride themselves on excellence in academics. All of
the American Expatriate children in Scotland attend Scottish schools in
Edinburgh. Because the language differences are very small, the children catch
on very quickly and progress wonderfully. Parents find the quality of education to
be outstanding. The following is a list of most of the schools in Edinburgh. They
all have websites that can be linked and researched through
http://www.yourmovingguide.com/data/edinburgh/schools.htm
Most parents find it beneficial to send their children to the schools attended by
the children of some of our other American Expatriates. Your sponsor should be
able to provide you more information in this area.
Primary Schools:
Corstorphine Primary School
Roseburn Primary School
Preston Street School
Rudolf Steiner School
High Schools:
Balerno High School
Craigmount High School
Fettes College
George Heriot’s School
Holyrood High School
Newbattle High School
St. George’s School for Girls
The Portobello High School
Broughton High School
Currie High School
Forrester High School
George Watson’s College
James Gillespie’s High School
Rudolf Steiner School
Stewart’s Melville College
Trinity Academy
What if my Spouse wants to work in Scotland?
XYZ provides employment assistance for spouses of its employees. A great
percentage of Expatriate spouses work in the area. We maintain wonderful
relationships with many multinational as well as domestic firms in the Edinburgh
area. During your second preliminary visit or after you arrive, contact the Human
Resource Management Office for details.
Is there any Training I am Required to Receive?
Every month, XYZ offers a cultural-awareness training program. It is a one-day
seminar that is required for all Expatriate managers. The class is optional for
family members, but can be very beneficial for them as well. The day is
structured around understanding the practical culture of Scotland and its origins.
This includes training on the Gaelic language, and Cultural Directives discussed
in this Orientation Guide in much greater detail.
There is further outsourced voluntary training. Contact the Human Resource
Department in Scotland if you are interested in further training.
Are there any Social Groups to get involved in?
XYZ has a very active social network. Groups of American employees, as well
as many other groups meet and socialize regularly. Outside of the company,
there are two American groups that many of our employees are actively involved
in, the American Women’s Clubs and the Scottish-North American Business
Council. The Scotland Human Resources Department has more information on
how to become involved in these organizations.
Do my Family and I get to return to the United States during my
Assignment?
XYZ pays for airfare back to the United States for your entire family once a year.
You may take vacation time to return to the United States whenever you wish,
but the company will only pay for one return trip each year.
How do I ship my Household Goods to Scotland?
XYZ pays for all of your moving costs, including packing and shipping your
household items to Scotland. Because of the distance, your items must be
shipped well in advance. You must use our moving company to ship your items.
The moving company will contact you shortly after your second preliminary visit
to schedule packing times.
XYZ also pays the cost of shipping one automobile to Scotland. Some of our
Expatriates prefer to purchase cars in Scotland because the steering wheels are
on the opposite side of the car.
Attachment 1
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/maps/uk-map.gif
Attachment 2
Scottish Vocabulary
Words in Place Names
Cultural Terms
ben
bothy
brig
burn
cairn
Burns Night
close
craig
croft
dubh
eilean
firth
gate/gait
howff
kirk
links
loaning
loch
moss
Munro
strath
wynd
Yet
mountain
farm cottage
bridge
brook
mound of stones marking a
place
block of flats (apartments)
sharing a common entry
and stairway
steep peak
small plot of farmland
with dwellings in the
Highlands
black
island
estuary
street (in proper names)
valley
a Presbyterian church
golf course by the sea
field
lake
moor
mountain over 3,000 ft high
valley/plain beside river
lane
gate
25 January is the
anniversary of the birth
of the poet Robert Burns
Caledonia
Scotland
ceilidh
an informal evening of
traditional Scottish song and
dance
clan
an extended family bearing
the same last name
first foot
the first person to enter a
house after midnight on
New Year’s Eve
Highland dress Highland men’s formalwear
including the kilt
Hogmanay
New Year’s Eve
kilt
knee-length pleated tartan
skirt worn as traditional
Highland dress
Ne’erday
New Year’s Day
pibroch
type of bagpipe music
sgian-dubh
a small blade tucked into
the outside of the sock on
the right foot worn as part of
traditional Highland dress
sporran
pouch made of fur worn on
the front of the kilt
tartan
chequered wool cloth,
different colors being worn
by each clan
Colloquial Expressions
auld
auld lang syne
Auld Reekie
aye
bairn
barrie
blether
bonnie
braw
dreich
fae
fitba
hen
old
days of long ago
Edinburgh
yes
child
excellent
chat
pretty
excellent
wet (weather)
from
football
informal name used to
address a woman or girl
ken
lassie
lumber
Nessie
Old Firm
wean
wee
to have knowledge of
a young woman/girl
boyfriend/girlfriend
legendary monster of
Loch Ness
Celtic and Glasgow
Rangers, Glasgow’s main
football teams
child
small
Source: Eyewitness Travel Guides:
Scotland, 2001.
Attachment 3
Traditional Scottish Food and Drink
Arbroath Smokie: a wood-smoked haddock still produced in small family
smokehouses in the East coast fishing town of Arbroath
Bannocks: oat griddlecakes
Scotch Broth or Hotchpotch: a rich stock is traditionally made by boiling mutton,
beef, marrowbone or chicken and a choice of vegetables. The final consistency
is thick and served hot.
Black Bun: a Scottish Fruitcake
Colcanon: a dish found in the Western Islands of Scotland, made from boiled
cabbage carrots, turnip and potatoes. This mixture is drained and stewed with
butter, salt and pepper.
Forfar Bridies: an oval delicacy, similar to Scotch pie, described below except
the filling is crimped into the pastry case.
Haggis: perhaps the best known Scottish delicacy. It is a pudding made with
spiced sheep’s innards stuffed with vegetables, meats, oats and seasonings.
Scotch Pies: round, crusty pastry pie filled with minced meat.
Porridge: thick boiled oatmeal. Often eaten at breakfast with milk.
Stovied Tatties (Stovies): a mixture of onions and potatoes, were traditionally
cooked with drippings from the Sunday joint.
Scotch Whisky (Scotch): distilled from barley liquor and flavored with peattainted water. Scotland is very proud of their Whisky and it is the best-known
Scottish drink. There are two basic classes: Malt Whisky (more expensive
coming from a single distillery) and Blended Whisky (cheaper and more popular
coming from a mix of several distilleries).
Scottish Beers & Ales: Traditional Scottish beers include Indian Pale Ale, 90, 80,
and 70 (the latter named after the original cost per barrel in shillings).
Hot Toddy: a traditional Scottish drink comprised of a mixture of sugar, honey,
Scotch whisky and boiling water
Attachment 4
Crimes recorded in 2001 by Crime Group:
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/bulletins/00157-04.asp
Attachment 5
Scotland Employment Law Guidelines
Unfair Dismissal: Some employees who are dismissed from their employment
have the right to make a claim of unfair dismissal to an Employment Tribunal.
Employers are entitled to dismiss employees in certain circumstances. There are
four potentially fair reasons for dismissal: Misconduct, Lack of Capability,
Redundancy, or Some other Substantial Reason Justifying Dismissal.
Employees may also claim constructive dismissal, but this claim succeeds only in
very rare circumstances. Claims for unfair dismissal must be lodged with the
Employment Tribunal within three months of dismissal.
Terms and Conditions of Employment: All employees are entitled to a written
statement of their Terms and Conditions of Employment no later than two months
into their employment. In order to change the Terms and Conditions, it must be
negotiated.
Discrimination at Work: It is against the law for an employer to discriminate
against a job applicant or employee on the basis of race or sex. Race includes
color, nationality, and ethnic origin. The employer can be held liable for
discrimination among employees if they have knowledge of the discrimination.
Pregnancy is included in this arena. Scotland also has a Disability Discrimination
Act that gives employees similar rights.
Accidents at Work/Health and Safety: Employers are required to provide
employees with a safe system of work. Employers are responsible for the
actions of fellow employees during the course of their work; this is known as
vicarious liability. Most employers have insurance to cover workplace injuries.
Employers are responsible for reinstatement of lost earnings, repayment of our of
pocket expenses, and compensation for pain and suffering resulting from a
workplace injury.
http://www.lawscot.org.uk
Attachment 5
CRIMINAL COURTS
The High Court of Justiciary
|
Judge
|
Murder, rape, serious drug offences
|
No appeal to other courts
SHERIFF COURT
Sheriff
|
Criminal cases either with/without a jury,
depending on the seriousness of the case
DISTRICT COURT
Justice of the Peace/Magistrate
|
Minor criminal cases
CIVIL COURT
The Court of Session
|
The Supreme Civil Court in Scotland
Only in Edinburgh
Judge
Hears cases at first instance and
cases appealed from Sheriff Court
|
Appeals can be made from the
Court of Session to the House of Lords
SHERIFF COURT
Sheriff
|
Family cases / Smaller Money claims etc.
SCOTTISH LAND COURT
For determination of agricultural land disputes
LAND VALUATION APPEALS COURT
For rating questions
THE COURT OF THE LORD LYON
http://www.lawscot.org.uk
For matters of heraldry
Attachment 7
Trade Union membership of employees: by occupation and gender, 1992 and 1998
Dataset1
Males
Managers and administrators
Professional
Associate professional and technical
Clerical and secretarial
Craft and related
Personal and protective services
Selling
Plant and machine operatives
Other occupations
All
occupations2
Females
1992
24
24
1998
18
21
1992
44
62
1998
39
62
1992
40
59
1998
34
54
1992
41
27
1998
30
22
1992
45
34
1998
33
28
1992
47
26
1998
40
22
1992
16
13
1998
8
12
1992
51
37
1998
40
31
1992
41
26
1998
32
21
1992
40
32
1998
31
28
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/xsdataset.asp?More=Y&vlnk=136&
All=Y&B2.x=49&B2.y=13
Bibliography
“An Introduction to Scottish Business.” Friends of Scotland.
http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/business/scottish.html
“Business Culture Guides: Scotland.” Executive Planet.
http://www.executiveplanet.com/business-etiquette/Scotland.html
“Dial-a-Law.” The Law Society of Scotland. http://www.lawscot.org.uk/
“Employment Relations: Trade Unionism & Membership.” National Statistics.
http://www.statistics.gov.uk
“International Cost of Living.” Expat Forum.
http://www.expatforum.com/Resources/icol.htm
“Moving to Edinburgh.” Your Moving Guide.
http://www.yourmovingguidelcom/data/edinburgh.htm
“Our Aims: A New International Network for Scotland.” Globalscot: Making
Scottish Connections Globally. http://www.globalscot.com/aims/
“Scottish Business Statistics.” Electric Scotland.
http://www.electricscotland.com/business/scottish_business.htm
“Scotland in Profile.” Scottish Executive.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents/profile.htm
“Statistical Bulleting: Recorded Crime in Scotland.” Scottish Executive.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/bulletins/00157-00.asp
“U.S. Consolate General in Scotland: Services.” American Embassy London.
http://www.usembassy.org.uk/scotland/service.htm
“United Kingdom and Gibraltar – Consular Information Sheet.” U.S. Department
of State. http://travel.state.gov/uk.html
“Welcome to Scotland.” Gateway to Scotland.
http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/scotland/scotland.html
“World Factbook 2002.” CIA Publications.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/maps/uk-map.gif
H E A LT H A I D P H A R M A C E U T I C A L S
November 11, 2003
Dear Ann Marie,
Congratulations on your managerial position in Florence, Italy. As you know, for the next three
years you will be managing the preventative drug distribution for all of Italy. We are pleased to
have you a part of the Health Aid International Team, a team dedicated to delivering quality
products all over the globe.
You and your family are embarking on an adventure that will hopefully prove to be enjoyable as
well as memorable.
In order for you to get a sense of what to expect in the near future, the attached packet has been
created to cover some of the concerns expatriates and their families have as they plan to leave for
their new international home. Included is general information on Italy and Florence, as well as
sections on preparing to leave for Italy, living in Italy and, lastly, conducting business in Italy.
In addition, throughout the packet we have tried to focus on information that targets your
family’s particular needs.
As you may know, Health Aid prides itself on is its ability to take care of its overseas employees
and their families. Moving to another country can be stressful especially for families, such as
yours, who have never experienced living in a foreign country before. Be assured that Health
Aid will do everything to make your family’s transition as smooth as possible.
One way the company accomplishes this task is by providing you with a sponsor who has the
ability to help you adjust. Your sponsor is Gloria DeSio, reactive drugs distribution manager for
our Florence subsidiary. Her contact information and role in your transition are outlined in this
packet.
After reviewing the attached information, if you feel you need more explanation on a particular
subject, please contact me or any other people or organizations listed in the packet. We are
committed to making your transition as worry free as possible.
So, as they say in Italy, “In bocca al lupo!” or “Good luck!” and let the journey begin.
Sincerely,
Joanne M. Lesh
Human Resources Expatriate Manager
555-1212 ext. 331 jjlesh@hotmail.com
Table of Contents
Office of the Chief Executive Officer ………………………………………………………………………….. 4
General Information on Italy……………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Geography …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Population …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Italian Flag ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Languages …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Government…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Holidays ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Major Industries …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
An Overview of Florence ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Preparing to Leave for Italy ………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Prerequisites for Entry ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Cultural Training ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Job Training ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Preview Visit ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Your Pet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Health Insurance & Services ………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Moving Expenses ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
Your Sponsor …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
Living in Italy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Arriving in Italy …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Registering at the Local Consulate ……………………………………………………………………….. 11
Job Training in Country ………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Housing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Electrical Appliances ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Schooling ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Childcare …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Healthcare Services …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Church Services …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Telephone & Internet Service ………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Absentee Voting…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Satellite Service …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Utility Payments…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Postal Service …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Banking …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Public Transportation ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Taxis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Driving In Italy ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Security & Crimes………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Criminal Penalties ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Shopping …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
2
Eating in Italy…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Tipping ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
Social Clubs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Sports ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Touring in Italy ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Conducting Business in Italy ……………………………………………………………………………………. 20
General Policy Framework ………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Structural Policies ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Workers Rights ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
General Information on Conducting Business ………………………………………………………… 22
Business Dress …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Addressing Others ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Negotiation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
General Gift Guidelines ………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
Appreciated Gifts ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Gifts to Avoid ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
Attachment #1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
Attachment #2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Attachment #3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
3
H E A LT H A I D P H A R M A C E U T I C A L S
January 5, 2003
Jack McNeil
Office of the Chief Executive Officer
Subject: Overseas Assignments
Dear Expatriate:
Health Aid Pharmaceuticals has become a global force because of employees like you who are
willing to broaden their minds and share their talents with people from all over the world.
Delivering quality drugs quickly and economically to hospitals and clinics everywhere is our
goal. You are bringing us one step closer to this reality by accepting this assignment.
We know that you will meet many challenges in dealing with your new work and living
environment. Remember patience is the key. As one Chinese proverb says, “One moment of
patience may ward off great disaster. One moment of impatience may ruin a whole life.”
Be patient with your colleagues, with your family’s adjustment and lastly, with yourself. You
will learn the culture and the business practices necessary to be successful in due time. Take
advantage of the resources around you.
We are expecting great things from you.
Sincerely,
Jack McNeil
4
General Information on Italy
Geography
Italy, a boot-like peninsula, comprises an area of 116,303 square miles or 301,230 sq km and is
situated in Mediterranean Europe. Its bordering countries are Austria, France, Slovenia,
Switzerland, San Marino and Vatican, and it is surrounded by the Ligurian, the Sardinian, the
Tyrrhenian, the Sicilian, the Ionian and the Adriatic Seas. (See map below.)
Although Italy has a varied landscape, its predominant feature is its two mountain ranges, the
Alps and the Apennines. It also has two principle islands which are Sardinia (Sardegna) and
Sicily (Sicilia), the former boasting the famous volcano, Etna, which is 10,860 feet high and has
erupted sporadically since 2000. These eruptions, fortunately, have been relatively
inconsequential. The other well known, but inactive volcano, Mt. Vesuvius is located near
Naples.
The climate runs the gamut from Mediterranean and Alpine in the North to dry in the South.
Average temperature in Milan (Milano) in the North runs from 29 degrees F (-1.8 degrees C) in
the Winter to 84 degrees F (29 degrees C) in the Summer. While South in Palermo, the average
temperature ranges from 47 degrees F (8.3 degrees C) in the Winter to 86 degrees (30.3 degrees
C) in the Summer.
5
Population
The Italian population, as of 2001, was 57,523 million. Its capital, Rome (Roma) has 2, 775,000
inhabitants. The population density is 487 per square mile. Italians are the predominant ethnic
group, but there are also Slovene-Italians and German-French in the North and Albanians and
Greeks in the South. The major religion is Catholicism and the largest minor religion is
Protestantism.
Italian Flag
The French republics in Northern Italy first established the Italian tricolor during the Napoleonic
Wars. These republics styled the flag after the French tricolor. In 1848 the house of Savoy,
which led the Italian unification, adopted the design. On July 17, 1946, the present flag was
adopted when Italy became a republic and the royal arms were removed.
Various explanations have arisen over the years as to the meaning of the flag’s colors. One
credible theory suggests that the colors came from the uniforms of the Milan Civic Militia who
wore mostly green with a bit of white. Later in 1796, some red was added when the Militia
became the National Guard.
Native Italians, not unlike Americans in the wake of 9/11, are very proud of their flags and wave
them from their windows and storefronts throughout Italy.
Languages
The official language of Italy is Italian, but like other Western European countries, there are
pockets of various languages in such areas as the Tentino-Alto Adige region, where German is
prevalent and the Valle d’Aosta where French is predominant. The language of measurement is
the metric system.
Government
Italy is a Republic, whose current President is Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and whose current Prime
Minister is Silvio Berlusconi. The legislative branch is bicameral and is made up of the Senate
and Chamber of Deputies. Italy is a part of the Schengen Agreement which allows for the
passport-free movement of people across borders whose countries have signed the agreement.
Please remember, though, that as a U.S. expatriate, you must carry your passport with you as you
travel from country to country. Italy was also a strong advocate of the Euro, which has been the
nation’s official currency since January 2002.
6
Holidays
The following are Italian holidays on which days offices and shops are closed throughout the
country:
January 1 – New Year’s Day
January 6 – Epiphany
Easter Monday – Some time in late March up to early May
April 25 – Liberation Day
May 1 – Labor Day
August 15 – Assumption of the Virgin
November 1 – All Saints Day
December 8 – Day of Immaculate Conception
December 25 – Christmas Day
December 26 – Santo Stefano
In Florence, Genoa and Torino, offices and shops are also closed June 24th for the local feast day
honoring the cities’ patron Saint, San Giovanni Battista.
Major Industries
Tourism, engineering, textiles, chemicals, food processing, motor vehicles, clothing and
footwear make up Italy’s major industries. The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in US dollars is
$1.1 trillion. Italy’s major trading partners as of 2001 are all found in the European Union and
compose 55% of their total trade. Germany leads the way with 16.1%, France with 11.7% and
the United Kingdom with 5.9%.
An Overview of Florence
Florence, know by the Italians as Firenze (Fur-ren’-say), has the distinction of being 2002’s
“most-preferred city in Europe.” Travel & Leisure, one of America’s travel and tourism
magazines, awarded this distinctive prize based on readers’ preferences for their favorite travel
destinations.
According to UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 60%
of the world’s most important works of art are located in Italy and about half of these are in
Florence. Such famous landmarks as the Academy Museum which houses the original David by
Michelangelo, the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Baptistry, Giotto’s Bell Tower, Ponte
Vecchio, and the Pizzale Michelangelo are all located in Florence.
Florence is responsible for the beginnings of the Renaissance and the modern Western world and
has not changed much since the 1400’s. During this time, the powerful Medici family ruled the
7
city. One Medici, Lorenzo de’Medici, known as “Il Magnifico” (“the Magnificent”), was a great
lover and patron of the arts and brought many poets, musicians, architects, musicians, and artists
such as Michelangelo, to Florence.
For a short time, under the rule of Vittorio Emanuele II (1820-78), Florence was the capital of
Italy.
Florence (Firenze) is located on the Arno River in central Italy’s Tuscany region and has a
population of 403,000. (See map and picture below.) Its climate is temperate. The temperatures
range from 45 degrees F (7.2 degrees C) in the Winter to 85 degrees F (29.4 degrees C) in the
Summer.
In addition to being home to many great works of art, Florence also sponsors two special events
during the year. The first is Scoppio Del Carro or “Explosion of the Cart” in which a pyramid of
fireworks in the Cathedral Square is set off by a mechanical dove driven from the altar during
High Mass on Easter Sunday. The second is Gioco Del Calcio or “Soccer Match”, in which a
revival of a 16th century football match in medieval costumes is relived from June 24th to the
8
28th. A fireworks display from the terraced gardens overlooking the city kicks off the festivities
on June 24th.
Preparing to Leave for Italy
Prerequisites for Entry
All expatriates and their families must have a valid passport and the appropriate visas in order to
enter the country. Since both you and your husband, John, will be working while in Italy, you
will be applying for and receiving your work visas through your Human Resource Departments
here and at Novell. Your children’s passports and visas will be handled through our Human
Resource Department as well. It is not necessary to carry your passports with you everywhere
where you go within Italy, only when you need them to cash a check, pick up mail or check into
a hotel, embassy or consulate. Otherwise, it would be sensible to store them in a safe, either in
your home or hotel. If you must carry your passport with you, make sure to keep it hidden and
difficult to reach for pickpockets. Please note that if your family or friends visit you while in
Italy, they can only stay up to three months before having to apply for a visa.
Cultural Training
One of the major benefits of our expatriate program is our cultural training which is open not
only to you but to your entire family. The training takes place here in our Human Resource
Offices on Friday afternoons, beginning this Friday at 3:30 pm after the local schools are
finished for the day. This Friday will be more of an orientation giving you the expatriate
paperwork that needs to be filled out prior to your leaving for your assignment. Local customs,
language phrases with pronunciation, and sampling of local cuisine for your area of Italy are just
some of the topics that will be covered in the cultural training.
As a preview, attached you will find some phrases and local mannerisms that you will come to
know while in Italy. (See attachments 1 and 2) *Please note: although you will be learning
correct pronunciation during your cultural training meetings, feel free to get a head start by going
to the website referenced in attachment 2.
Job Training
Although most of the specifics of your position will be explained in greater detail upon arriving
in Florence, you will also receive training from a previous expatriate, Peter Neuberg, who held
your new position a few years ago and has continued to be a liaison between our Italian office
and corporate headquarters. HR will notify you when these training sessions will occur.
9
Preview Visit
Since you will be leaving for your assignment in six months, during the upcoming school break,
you and your family have been given a one-week visit to Florence to become familiar with the
area, meet your sponsor and check out available housing. Your sponsor, Gloria DeSio, will meet
you at the airport, drive you to our Florence office where you will obtain one of our company
cars and local information from our Florence HR Department. Gloria will then guide you to our
temporary housing unit in downtown Florence where you will stay during your visit.
It is imperative that you obtain your international license from AAA prior to leaving on your
preview visit. You WILL NOT be able to drive in Italy unless you have an international license.
Please come see the HR Department to receive a study manual and voucher to waive the fee for
the license before proceeding to the local AAA office.
Your Pet
Since your golden retriever will be accompanying you on your flight, you must obtain a
veterinarian’s health certificate stating that he is in good health and has been vaccinated for
rabies between 20 days and 11 months before your departure. You can pick up the certificate
form from the HR Department before visiting your veterinarian.
Health Insurance & Services
Before leaving for your preview visit, you will receive an addendum to your current health care
plan allowing you and your family emergency coverage while in Italy. Upon return to the U.S.,
the addendum will be discontinued. Prior to leaving for your assignment, your insurance will be
updated to include coverage in Italy. When you arrive in Italy, you will receive a list of
providers that are covered under the insurance program.
Moving Expenses
Health Aid will move all of your household goods and one vehicle to Italy. Information, forms
and timetables for completion of all paperwork for shipping household goods and your vehicle
will be handed out at the first cultural meeting. Upon arrival in Italy, you will be required to
register your vehicle with the Italian PRF (Vehicle Registry). You will receive information on
how to do this when you arrive at our Florence office.
Your Sponsor
As mentioned previously, your sponsor is Gloria DeSio. Gloria is a U.S. expatriate, born in the
U.S. to an Italian-American mother and Italian-born father. Gloria speaks fluent Italian, is
married to an Italian-American husband and has three children. Because she is similar to you in
family lifestyle and career paths, we thought Gloria would be an appropriate sponsor for you and
your family. Gloria and her family have been living in the Florence area for 2 years now and
should be a helpful resource to you. She will be contacting you shortly to introduce herself and
10
her family. If you have any questions before that time, feel free to contact her at
gldesio@healthaid.net or on her office phone at + 39-055-95-68-88.
Living in Italy
Arriving in Italy
When you and your family arrive in Italy, you will be greeted by your sponsor, who will take
you directly to the Florence office, as in your preview visit, to pick up a company car, which will
be yours to use until your vehicle arrives. You again will be staying at our temporary housing
unit until you have settled into your own home or apartment.
Registering at the Local Consulate
One of your first tasks will be to register at the U.S. consulate in Florence located at Lungano
Amerigo Vespucci 38. Tel: 39-055-239-8276/7/8/9. Upon registering you will be continually
updated on travel and security within Italy. The consulate can also help in any legal matters you
might run into in which you might need a translator.
Job Training in Country
Within a week of your arrival, you will have another orientation at the Florence office where you
will be receiving more information on your new position and meet the U.S expatriate you will be
replacing. Richard Hathaway, whom you will be replacing, will prepare you in more detail on
the specifics of your job. Richard will be able to train you for one month before he will be
repatriated back to the U.S.
Housing
If you are not able to find a satisfactory home on your preview visit, you will be able to have
some time off (one week usually) for house or apartment hunting. Our HR Department in
Florence works very closely with Relocation Enterprises which is an excellent resource for
housing. Although some homes may cost more than others, Health Aid will give you a standard
housing allowance based on the average cost of homes in the Florence area. Please contact
Relocation Enterprises at their corporate headquarters if you would like to know more about
available housing and the procedures for applying for it:
11
Via Francesco D’Ovidio, 35
00137 Rome
ITALY
Tel +39 06 82 40 60
Fax +39 06 82 40 55
Email: info@relocationenterprises.com
Electrical Appliances
The electrical current in Italy is AC – the cycle is 50Hz 220 V. U.S. electrical appliances require
a transformer to work. Although transformers can be purchased in the U.S. prior to your
departure, it is recommended that you wait and buy your transformers at an electrical appliance
shop in Italy. Plugs have round prongs, not flat, therefore an adapter plug is needed. Remember:
American electrical clocks will not work properly even with a transformer. Therefore, you may
need to purchase a clock in Italy.
Schooling
Since you have expressed a desire to have your children Lisa and Mary attend an American
school with an excellent music program, they will be attending the American School of Florence
located on Via del Carota 23/25, 50012 Bagno a Ripoli in Florence. As part of your expatriate
benefit package, Health Aid will pay tuition for both children for your entire 3-year stay in
Florence. The head of the school is Ms. Laura Mongiat. If you have any questions regarding the
curriculum, faculty or facilities, please contact Ms. Mongiat at 39-055-646-1007 or email her at
admin.aisf@interbusiness.it
Childcare
Since you and your husband may be traveling, attending late meetings or having an occasional
Saturday business get-together, you will need childcare for your daughters. Health Aid has
worked closely with and has had good success with Great Au Pair, an online company dedicated
to matching families with au pairs. We suggest you contact them online to find out more of what
they have to offer: http://www.greataupair.com/
Healthcare Services
As mentioned in the Health Insurance & Services section, you and your family will be covered
under Health Aid’s insurance carrier, but it is important to note that you can only obtain ALL
your medicines, whether they are over the counter or prescription, from a pharmacy (farmacia).
Of course, all medicines through Health Aid Pharmaceuticals are free of charge. Vouchers, in
lieu of cash or credit, are accepted at all pharmacies throughout Italy.
Pharmacy hours generally follow shop times, i.e., from 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and from 3:00 to
7:30 p.m., Monday to Saturday, but in large cities, many are open non-stop. Night-time service
is provided on a shift basis.
12
Church Services
Because you have specifically asked about Catholic churches where mass is celebrated in
English, here are the service times for two churches in Florence:
Santa Maria del Fiore – Saturday at 5 p.m.
Church of the Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio, Borgo Ognissanti 16 – Sundays and holidays at
10 a.m.
All churches are usually open from 7:00 am to 12:00 noon and from 4:30 pm to 6:00 pm.
Telephone & Internet Service
While you are waiting to move into your home, you will be able to access the internet through
our Florence office and use the telephone in our temporary housing unit. When dialing to the
USA, you must dial 001+area code+phone number. If you would like to make a call from a
public phone, you will need to purchase a phone card (Carta Telefonica) from any newsstand or
tobacco shop. When dialing within the country from city to city, you must dial the area code for
the city you are calling. For example, if you are calling Florence from Rome you must dial 055
and then the rest of the number.
When you move into your home you will want to set up your phone and internet service
immediately because it can take anywhere from 10 days to 2 weeks before the service is up and
running. Telecom Italia is the phone company, and before you set up your phone, you must fill
out the requisite paperwork, i.e., the Codice Fiscale and a Permit of Stay. Both these forms can
be obtained from the HR Department in Florence and will be part of the orientation packet you
receive within your first week. Telecom Italia also has a speedy internet service. Information on
Telecom Italia and how to set up services can be obtained from the HR Department in Florence.
The first telephone bill is to be paid at the post office (ufficio postale), thereafter a bank transfer
can be arranged.
The following emergency telephone numbers are handy to have and do not require any sort of
city area code:
12 – Phone Directory Assistance
112 – for Carbinieri’s (Italian Police) service
113 – for Emergency Police Help
115 – for the Fire Department
116 – for the A.C.I. (Italian Automobile Club) – for roadside assistance
118 – for Medical Emergencies
176 – International Inquiries
13
Absentee Voting
Since the next U.S. presidential election will be occurring rather quickly after your arrival, you
and your husband may want to register online as soon as your internet service is up and running.
The Federal Voting Assistance Program (FVAP) is conducting an Internet registration and voting
demonstration for the 2004 election. This project is called SERVE, which stands for Secure
Electronic Registration and Voting Experiment. SERVE will allow thousands of absentee
overseas U.S. citizens to register to vote and cast their ballots from any Windows-based
computer with Internet access, anywhere in the world. You can find the SERVE website at:
www.serveusa.gov.
Extensive information about absentee registration and voting appears on the Federal Voting
Assistance Program’s (FVAP) websites at www.fvap.ncr.gov or www.fvap.gov. Information is
also available from the Voting Assistance Officer in the Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy or
consulate nearest you.
Satellite Service
Satellite TV can usually be set up in your home, at the discretion of the landlord. Information on
programming channels and where to buy a satellite dish and decoder can be obtained from the
Florence HR Department.
Utility Payments
Tenants are responsible to pay for gas, electricity and water according to consumption. A
garbage tax is levied on each property annually, this is also the responsibility of the tenant. When
renting a property, the utility bills are generally transferred into the name of the tenant. The cost
for the transfer of name of the contract is charged with the first bill.
Utility bills arrive to the property address every two months.
Postal Service
Post offices (uffici postali) are open from 8:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. On Saturdays they close at
12:00. Post offices at airports and main Post offices in large cities are open 24 hours a day for
registered mail and telegram services.
Stamps may be purchased only at tobacco shops and at the post office.
Banking
U.S. ATM cards and major credit cards can be used with ease throughout Italy. Those
businesses accepting credit cards will post logos in their front windows, just as in the USA. The
ATM machines in Italy are known as Bancomats. At the beginning of the transaction a language
preference prompt will appear. Two popular and widespread banking systems are Cirrus and
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BankMate. If these appear on the Bancomat, then there should be no problem to obtain money
with a U.S. card.
Although you may have a main bank back in the U.S., you must set up an account at a local bank
in Florence in order to pay automatic utility payments without a fee. It is also a good way to
avoid high ATM withdrawal fees.
Banks are open Monday – Friday from 8:35 a.m. to 1:35 p.m. and from 3:00 – 4:00 pm. In many
tourist areas, though, they are open without a break from 8:30 am to 4 pm. They are always
closed on Saturdays and Sundays.
The monetary currency in Italy is the Euro which is divided into bills of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200
and 500. The coins are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents.
The current exchange rate as of November 18, 2003 is as follows:
1 U.S. dollar will buy you .85 Euro or $1.18 will buy you 1 Euro.
Due to the difference in maintaining your and your family’s quality of life in the U.S. as
compared to Florence, you will be given a COLA (cost of living allowance) to help offset some
of your expenses. This COLA will be adjusted monthly dependent on current exchange rates.
Public Transportation
The rail, bus and subway systems in Italy are usually well-maintained. Unfortunately, strikes by
transportation workers are frequent. Delays must often be taken into account when traveling. A
major bus company that runs throughout Italy is SITA, headquartered in Florence. You should
call the Florence consulate to find out if any strikes are imminent before traveling.
Tickets for buses and subways MAY NOT be purchased on board, but can be bought at
newsstands, tobacconists, ticket kiosks or bars (cafes). It is extremely important to validate your
rail, bus and subway tickets prior to boarding to avoid heavy fines. Machines for validating and
date-stamping your tickets are located on station platforms, foyers and beside barriers.
Taxis
Taxi service is readily available throughout the country and rates are comparable to those
charged in average U.S. and Canadian cities. Meters are provided and fares are displayed. It is
recommended that only yellow, medallion metered cabs be used. Extra charges: Night service
supplement between 10 pm and 6 am; Sundays and holiday supplement; luggage (per item).
Driving In Italy
As mentioned in your preview visit section, you must obtain an international license from AAA
in order to drive in Italy. Unfortunately, your international license is good for only one year
from the time you arrive in Italy. After one year you must apply for an Italian license and
15
officially “import” your vehicle to Italy. All information regarding importation and applying for
an Italian license can be obtained from our Florence HR Department.
Traffic safety and road conditions in Italy vary. In general, the following conditions apply:
Safety of Public Transportation: Good
Urban Road Condition/Maintenance: Fair
Rural Road Condition/Maintenance: Good
Availability of Roadside Assistance: Excellent
Streets in cities are often narrow, winding and congested; lane markings are often nonexistent;
traffic lights are limited and often disobeyed; and a different convention of right-of-way is
observed. Italy has over 5,600 kilometers (3,480 mi.) of “Autostrada”, or superhighways. Drivers
travel and pass at very high speeds.
In rural areas, roads are generally narrow and often do not have guardrails. Travelers in northern
Italy, especially in winter, should be aware of ground fog and poor visibility. Most Italianspecification automobiles are equipped with special fog lights. Roadside assistance in Italy is
excellent on the well-maintained toll roads, but limited on secondary roads.
Tolls are charged on the autostrade (highways). As in the rest of continental Europe, vehicles
travel on the right and overtake on the left. The wearing of seatbelts is compulsory for front and
back seat passengers as well as for the driver. The use of portable telephones is prohibited if they
require intervention by hand to function.
Highways and Roads are indicated by the letter “A” followed by a number written in white on a
green background. Tolls are paid in cash at highway exit points. It is also possible to pay by
Viacard Telepass cards (systems that make automatic payment possible without stopping at the
toll booths) or Viacard a highway toll payment card which can be bought on the highway, in
many banks or in ACI (Automobile Club d’Italia) offices.
ACI provides complete car service throughout the country. Calls for assistance can be made 24
hours a day by calling 803.116 or by using the emergency booths located every 2 km along the
roadway. They have buttons with a wrench symbol, to be used in the event of a breakdown, and
with a red cross symbol for a first-aid emergency.
Service areas are very frequent along all of the highways, and the rest stops are always open.
Gasoline is called benzina, unleaded gasoline is benzina senza piombo and diesel is gasolio.
Service stations are open from 7:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m.
In addition to the road assistance responding to phone number 803.116, ACI also provides
motorists with a Centro Assistenza Telefonica (CAT Phone Service Center).This center has a
multilingual staff that can answer in English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch.
The CAT is on duty every day of the year. By calling 06.491716, one can receive updated
information on the road and weather conditions, highway tolls, ferries, tourist itineraries, mileage
16
distances, customs formalities, currency, and automotive procedures. Automobile Club d’Italia
has its own offices in each Province.
Speed limits are fixed at 50 km (31 miles) per hour in urban areas, 90 km (56
miles) per hour on secondary and local roads, 110 km (68 miles) per hour on main roads outside
urban areas and 130 km (80 miles) per hour on highways, with penalties for violation in
proportion to the amount of the excess.
On highways (autostrade): no U-turns are permitted and stopping is permitted only in
emergency parking areas or parking lanes. The Italian Highway Code follows the Geneva
Convention and Italy uses international road signs. Driving is on the right, passing on the left.
Security & Crimes
There are intermittent instances of violence in Italy, usually connected to Italian internal
developments or social issues. Any letter bombs or bomb threats are often associated with
organized crime or anarchist movement. Since September 11th, 2001, though, Americans have
been warned of possible extremist groups in Italy. Due to current world events, anti-war
demonstrations are on the rise and may have an anti-American aspect. Make sure to tune into
daily radio and/or TV news reports to keep abreast of the current situation. If an emergency
arises, please go to the nearest consulate for information on where to go and what to do.
Italy has a low violent crime rate, but a very high petty-theft rate. Pick-pocketing, parked car
theft and purse-snatching are serious problems, especially in big cities. One suggestion would be
to wear a money belt or place money in your front pocket when you are in a tourist area.
Florence’s Santa Maria Novella is one place pick-pocketers like to frequent. Be aware and
immediately report thefts or other crimes to the local police.
If you or your family happen to lose your U.S. passports, immediately contact the local police
and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The embassy or consulate can help you find
appropriate medical assistance and contact family or friends. They can also help you understand
the local criminal justice process and to find a lawyer if necessary.
Criminal Penalties
If you or your family breaks the law, whether intentionally or unintentionally in Italy, the
penalties may be more severe than in the U.S. for similar offenses. Obey the Italian laws and
regulations to avoid any sort of prosecution or heavy fines. A compilation of the more important
differences between U.S. and Italian laws can be obtained from the Florence HR office.
Shopping
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Because Italians are so stylish, clothing for men and women, such as, dresses, shoes, gloves, silk
ties and shirts, is an excellent purchase choice.
Clothing sizes in Italy are quite different from those in the U.S. Although clothing should be
tried on, if possible, at times you may want to purchase gifts for friends and family back in the
States. To help you in this effort, please see attachment 3 for a comparison chart of U.S. and
Italian sizes.
Other first-rate shopping purchases are lacework, jewelry, leather goods (handbags, cases, boxes,
luggage), ceramics, gold and silver items, alabaster, woodwork, straw, embroidery, glass and
crystal ware.
Unfortunately, many of these items can be quite expensive on their own, but if you add to that
the I.V.A. (sales tax), your purchase price increases dramatically as compared to the U.S. The
I.V.A Tax is 16.67% of the purchase price of nearly everything sold in Italy. Non-European
residents shopping in Italy can claim a refund of I.V.A. on each purchase that exceeds 155 Euro.
There are no rebates of the IVA tax on hotels, restaurants or tourist services.
Upon making a purchase, the buyer must ask for an IVA refund form. This form itemizes what
has been purchased and states the refundable IVA amount. Stores that display a Global Refund
“Tax Free Shopping” sign offer IVA refunds in cash upon departure from Italy, otherwise the
only refund options are by credit card or by bank check. (Another reason to set up a local bank
account.)
Eating in Italy
Although most people love Italian food, deciding where and what to eat can pose problems.
Knowing what kind of meal you wish to have and considering time limitations, you may want to
consider one of the following choices:
Bar: The place to have espresso and all its variations, rolls and small sandwiches, alcoholic and
non-alcoholic drinks. Pay first and give the receipt to the barman with the order. Standing at the
bar is normal, as there is a service charge for sitting at a table. Bars in Italy are open from early
morning to late night.
Panineria: A sandwich bar, where a quick meal can be had.
Trattoria: Less formal than a ristorante, where local specialties are served.
Ristorante: The most formal type of place to eat when one is not in a hurry. The order of courses
is antipasto, pasta or soup, main course, salad, and dessert, all accompanied by good wine.
Tipping
Tips are customary in Italy, but not vital. The tradition of the tip remains resistant to change,
even though café or restaurant prices now more and more often include both cover charge and
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service. On paying the bill, if it is paid in cash it is a matter of leaving a few notes from the
change, or saying to the waiter “va bene così “ ( it’s all right ), when the difference between the
amount paid and the actual bill automatically becomes the tip. When using a credit card, there
are two possibilities: if the total on the credit card slip is the same as the bill, again leave some
notes as a tip; but if the amount or the total are blank, simply round up the total to include the tip
when signing the credit card slip.
Hotels
A service charge of 15% to 18% is added to hotel bills. When all-inclusive prices are quoted, the
service charge is already included. It is customary to leave an additional tip even when the
service charge is already included. Only as a guideline, and depending on the category of your
hotel, the following tips are suggested: additional tip for extra services; bellhop or porter: more
depending on amount of bill; hotel bar: 15%
Restaurants
A service charge of approximately 15% is added to all restaurant bills.
It is customary, however to leave a small tip for good service (as mentioned above) as follows:
waiter: 5% to 10% of check.
Cafes and Bars
15% if at a table and if a bill does not already include service charge.
Taxis
10%
Sightseeing guide and driver
15% of cost of the tour
Social Clubs
Florence has an active American community and many chances to make rewarding friendships
with other Americans in the area. St. James American Church and the American International
League are centers for much of the American charitable and social activity in the area. Other
American organizations with mainly Italian memberships include the American Chamber of
Commerce, Rotary Clubs, and Lions Clubs.
The many social, cultural, and charitable organizations in Florence offer opportunities for
meeting Italians. In addition, several foreign cultural organizations, including the British
Institute, the Institute Francais de Grenoble, and the Kunsthis Torisches Institut, allow
Americans to get acquainted with other foreign resident communities in Florence.
For more information on these and other social clubs, you can contact the Florence consulate.
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Sports
Sports in the Florence area include golf, tennis, swimming, riding, bicycling, hunting, and
fishing. Spectator sports are mostly limited to horseracing and soccer.
Since your husband John is an avid golfer, we thought he might be interested in the Ugolino Golf
Club, about a 30-minute drive from the city, which has an excellent 18-hole course and
swimming pool. The Circolo del Tennis, about a 5-minute walk from the Consulate General,
offers good tennis courts and a small swimming pool.
Public sports facilities are limited to a number of children’s playgrounds and a few large public
swimming pools. Horseback riding is also available in and near Cascine Park. Good sports
equipment is available locally, but usually at higher than U.S. prices. You and your family may
want to buy any equipment you think you may need before you leave for Italy.
Since the memberships for some of the local clubs can be quite expensive, Health Aid offers a
substantial discount for employees and their families. Please see the Florence HR Department
for more information.
Touring in Italy
One of the greatest perks of accepting this assignment to Italy is the ability you and your family
have to travel and sightsee. From skiing to snorkeling to visiting an active volcano to admiring
great artistic masterpieces, you will find it all in Italy and more. You will also be able to visit
neighboring countries such as Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The HR Department in
Florence has a wonderful array of travel pamphlets as well as information on tours and companysponsored trips. You will receive this information when you arrive for your preview visit.
Conducting Business in Italy
General Policy Framework
Italy is the world’s sixth largest economy and is one of the 11 founding members of the
European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). According to public opinion polls, Italy is
considered one of the most “pro-euro” European countries.
Italy’s private sector is distinguished by a large number of small and medium-sized firms and a
few multinational companies with renowned names such as Fiat, Benetton, and Pirelli.
Economic vitality is based in northern Italy, resulting in an economic and social divergence of
income between the North and the South that continues to be one of Italy’s most difficult and
long-term problems.
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The Italian government, prior to 1994, played a dominant role in the economy through regulation
and ownership of large industrial and financial companies. The State still has a significant
presence and potential blocking power in industrial companies privatized thus far.
Business surveys still refer to an overly bureaucratic system as one of the main stumbling blocks
to investing or doing business in Italy.
Due to generous social welfare programs, inefficiency, and projects designed to achieve political
objectives, government spending has been high in comparison to EU standards. Sizeable public
sector deficits have resulted; all financed by debt.
Structural Policies
Characteristics, such as rigid labor markets, underdeveloped financial markets, and a continued,
heavy state role in the production sector, have stunted growth and lessened import demand.
Privatization is reducing the government’s role in the economy. U.S. financial service firms are
no longer subject to an incorporation requirement to operate in the Italian market.
Workers Rights
The Right of Association law provides for the right to establish trade unions, join unions, and
carry out union activities in the workplace. The unions profess between 35-40 percent of the
work force. Trade unions are free of government controls and have no formal tie with political
parties. As mentioned in the public transportation section above, the right to strike is part of the
constitution and is frequently exercised. A new law in April 2000 changed provisions of a 1990
measure governing strikes affecting essential public services (e.g., transport, sanitation and
health). The new law defined minimum service to be maintained during a strike as 50 percent of
normal, with staffing by at least one-third the normal work force. The law created mandatory
cooling off periods and more severe punishments for violations. Besides transportation unions,
the law also protects lawyers and self-employed taxi drivers. These changes received the
backing of the three major national trade union confederations, which wanted to avoid
inconvenience to both tourists and travelers during the Catholic Church’s Jubilee year.
The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively provides workers the right to organize and
bargain collectively, and these rights are respected in practice. By custom– not by law– national
collective bargaining agreements apply to all workers, regardless of union affiliation. Dismissal
of workers must be justified in writing. If a judge feels a dismissal was not warranted, he can
order that a dismissed worker be reinstated or compensated. In companies employing more than
15 workers, the option to choose between reinstatement and compensation is the worker’s. In
companies with fewer than 15 workers, this decision is the employer’s.
The employment of children under age 15 is expressly forbidden, with some limited exceptions,
and demands that those between the ages of 15 and 18 receive their education either in a school
for academic instruction or at a job site for vocational training.
21
Unlike in the U.S., minimum wages are not set by law, but rather by a collective bargaining
agreement on a sector by sector basis. Overtime is limited to 2 hours per day or an average of 12
hours per week.
Courts enforce fines and sometimes prison time for violations of health and safety laws. As in
the U.S., workers have the right to leave dangerous work situations without endangering their
continued employment.
General Information on Conducting Business
Italians would rather do business with a superficial acquaintance rather than a complete
stranger. You should look for a well-connected contact who can establish the right
introductions on your behalf.
Although punctuality is not as much of a priority, it is usually a good policy to arrive on
time. Be prepared to wait 15 to 45 minutes before your Italian counterpart appears or lets
you into his or her office. Bring work, a book or another diversion to fill the time while
you wait.
Northern business hours for small businesses, shops and public offices are usually 8:30
a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and 3:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. Also, many
businesses are open Saturday mornings. Larger companies usually work from 8:30 to
9:00 until 6:00 to 6:30 with an hour or so for lunch.
In many cities, such as Rome, there is a long break lasting up to two hours, from 1:30
p.m.-3:30 p.m. Business is often discussed during this break, over lunch.
Usually, the best times to plan appointments are between 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m., and
after 3:00 p.m.
Be aware of summer vacation times. Most companies are closed in August.
Business Dress
Dressing well is a priority here. Your social standing, relative success, and business
competence are all reflected in your clothing.
Clothing is generally on the formal side for both men and women, whether in business or
social situations. Try to make clothing decisions that are tasteful and stylish.
Italians never wear scuffed, shineless or unfashionable shoes. If in doubt, wear the best
pair of shoes you own.
While you should make every effort to look your best, you’ll probably find it difficult to
“out style” the Italians.
22
Men should wear expensive, sophisticated ties and well-cut dark suits.
Men often wear accessories such as cuff links, tie clips, and stylish watches.
Choose only quality fabrics, such as light-weight wools and silks.
Women should wear feminine clothing and dress simply and with elegance.
Accessorizing is a common practice. Dresses or suits are acceptable.
The most commonly worn colors are darker, subdued shades. Brighter colors should be
reserved for accessories.
Italian businesswomen usually wear more makeup and jewelry than American women.
It is normal for women not to wear stockings in the summer.
Both men and women use perfumes and colognes frequently.
When you receive an invitation for a social gathering stating “informal” dress, you should
wear tastefully coordinated clothes and for men, sometimes you should include a jacket
and tie.
An invitation stating “formal” dress usually means formal evening wear.
Shorts are unacceptable in public. They are reserved only for foreign tourists. You may
not be admitted into a church wearing shorts, a sundress or even a sleeveless top. If it is
very warm and you are wearing a sleeveless top or sundress, it would be wise to carry a
shawl or scarf to cover up when it is time to enter the church.
On the street, jeans and sneakers can be acceptable casual wear, especially for young
people, but this kind of clothing is often reserved for the gym or the beach. This type of
dress is NOT considered suitable in any business context.
Addressing Others
Wait until you are invited before using first names. People continue to use titles and
surnames even when they have worked together for years. It is usually a sign of respect,
though it can also mean that they feel that they do not know each other well enough to be
on a first name basis.
In most Italian companies, executives and subordinates continue to use titles and
surnames only. The corporate culture of using first names has become common, though,
in many large Italian multinationals.
You are expected to use “Signore” [Mr.] and “Signora” [Mrs.], plus the family name,
when introduced to strangers.
23
“Signorina” [Miss] is rarely used in Italy today, and is best avoided. It is most commonly
used when a woman is relatively young, i.e., late teens or early twenties, and is not
married.
Where a title is known, it is best to use it, since a title relating to a university degree has
higher status than “Signore” or “Signora.”
A male university graduate is given the title of “Dottore”, while the female equivalent is
“Dottoressa.” If in doubt whether someone has a degree or not it is best to err on the side
of caution. Paying a compliment even if it is incorrect is forgivable.
Italian business etiquette calls for constant use of personal and professional titles,
whether in casual conversation or formal writing. Therefore, ensure that you learn and
use the titles of everyone you encounter.
If you have to call over a server or clerk, you may use the phrase “senta”, which basically
means, “please come here.”
Negotiation
Most Italians in Italy do not speak English well, so you will probably need a translator in
business situations. Health Aid has a large array of employees who speak Italian, some
of whom, are specifically hired to translate at business meetings.
If your Italian counterpart does speak reasonable English, present discussions in a clear
and simple manner. It is highly unlikely that he or she would admit to not understanding
any of the conversation.
Italians generally prefer to do business with only the most important people in any
organization.
The use of business cards is common and you should have your card translated into
Italian on one side. Ensure that any advanced educational degrees and your full title or
position are featured on both sides of your business card. Very senior Italian
businesspeople usually have less information on their business cards.
In Italy, people are expected to behave with a sense of decorum and formality at all times.
This concept is known as “bella figura” [“beautiful figure”] and is often used in reference
to the ability to put on a good performance or simply to present oneself well. Moreover,
there is a belief that behaving appropriately, especially out of loyalty to family members,
friends, and neighbors, contributes to the beauty and sense of order in the world.
Initial meetings are usually conducted in the office, where your Italian counterparts will
assess you, your proposal and company. Present yourself in a warm, dignified manner
during the meeting.
24
The goal should be to cultivate feelings of respect and trust between yourself and your
Italian colleagues. Do everything you can to show how your proposal enhances their
“bella figura.”
Whether you are worth knowing and doing business with may be more important than the
actual details of your proposal. Still, it’s important that you bring a carefully planned,
logically organized proposal to the meeting.
All presentation materials and packaging should be aesthetically pleasing. In this culture,
it is essential that things and people look good: appearance is frequently considered more
important than “what’s inside.”
Italians are generally receptive to new ideas and concepts, although you may not perceive
any change in the opinions of the participants.
Hierarchy is key, especially in larger traditional Italian businesses where the importance
of the “cordata” (chain of command) cannot be underestimated. A belief in status and
hierarchy fills all aspects of Italian society.
There is incredible respect for power and age.
There are not large numbers of women at the highest levels of business and government
in Italy. Women may be treated with particular respect by Italian men, but not necessarily
to the point of attaining equal recognition or authority in business settings. You may
want to speak with Gloria DeSio regarding her experiences in the equality arena. Our
impression at HQ is that she has had little problem in this area.
In business settings, the individual with authority rarely has to raise his or her voice. In
most cases, however, Italians speak loudly, animatedly, and interruptions are to be
expected.
Italian communication tends to be eloquent, wordy, demonstrative, and emotional.
Italians tend to be guided by their feelings. Consequently, ensure that the Italians you do
business with decide that they like and trust you.
Italian businesspeople will often base their decisions on what has worked for others in
similar situations–even when the two situations may not be directly related to each other.
Therefore, if an idea does not correspond with an individual’s subjective experience or
opinion, it is often rejected.
Italians will look at the specifics of each situation instead of seek guidance from a law or
policy to solve a problem.
The Roman Catholic Church remains a strong influence in all areas of life.
25
In Italian business culture, most decisions are made in “closed quarters” by various
people, not just the highest figure in authority. There are, however, a large proportion of
family-owned businesses here; in these organizations, the head of the family usually
makes the final decision.
Final decisions are slow and drawn out, usually taking several months to a year.
Be patient, since rushing or putting pressure on the decision-making process will be an
affront to Italian business protocol.
Italians will sometimes make sudden, unexpected demands as a way of unsettling the
other side. The use of this strategy does not automatically mean the negotiations will
collapse.
The relationships between families, friends, and neighbors are of crucial importance,
especially in the south of Italy.
Honor and personal pride are critical in this culture. Never insult the honor or personal
pride of the Italians, their families, their towns, or their friends.
Employees provide what their bosses expect of them, and the preparation of reports and
plans can be time-consuming and even complicated. Compiling the information required
in order to do what your boss expects from you, or creating consensus among your
colleagues in order to accomplish a particular goal, can take a considerable amount of
time. All of this occurs in a formal and sometimes very rigid hierarchical structure.
Deadlines and efficiency are usually secondary to considerations such as attention to
detail and logic.
Publicly complimenting and rewarding employees are not often done.
The Italians, generally, can be receptive to criticism, as long as it is constructive. Try,
however, not to be too blunt.
In Italy, office and washroom doors often remain closed, so ensure that you knock before
making an entrance. And when leaving a room, always close the door behind you.
General Gift Guidelines
Give a business gift only after you receive one first.
Gifts are expected for social events, especially to express your thanks after you have been
invited to a dinner party at a home.
Gifts are usually opened at the time they are given and received.
26
Appreciated Gifts
Your gift should be a prestigious brand name that is at the same time small and not
obviously expensive.
Gifts of alcohol or crafts from your own country are often good choices.
If you want to give a gift to someone who has been particularly helpful around the office,
good choices include fine pens, a framed print/picture, silver key chains, or calculators.
Regardless, make sure your gift has a reputable brand name!
Secretaries generally appreciate a gift of flowers or chocolates.
If you are invited to a home, bring gift-wrapped chocolates or flowers. In accordance
with the old European tradition, never give an even number of flowers. Do not give
chrysanthemums; they are acceptable only for funerals. And, remember, red roses are for
romantic occasions only….
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