Hypothesis TestingFor each of the following three research scenarios:a) state the null hypothesisb) specify whether a one- or a two-tailed test was used1. A study on the gender income gap among older adults where the main researcher believes that theaverage income of elderly women is lower than the average income of elderly men.2. A survey-based study trying to determine if there is a difference in the amount of study time oncampusand off-campus students devote to their schoolwork during an average week.3. A study testing that stress (measured on an ordinal scale) is lower for adults who own dogs (or otherpets) than for non-pet owners.4. What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error?5. If a two-tailed probability is 0.07, what is the one-tailed probability if the effect were in the specifieddirection?6. True or False: it is easier to reject the null hypothesis using an alpha of 0.05 than an alpha of 0.01.7. True or False: it is easier to reject the null with a two-tailed test than with a one-tailed test using thesame confidence level.




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