Are there at least 12 articles synthesized?Is the purpose for this literature review
clear?Are there comments relevant to the
topic/research question? (How does participation in play impact obesity in children?) Do you think these articles are effective?Find, circle, and number each concept in your
reviewAre the concepts reviewed clearly synthesized?Does the review combine important themes or
does it review articles one by one?Does the review identify gaps or biases in the
research? What are they.Do the headings match content are they clear?List 3 problems you find about the citations
and give suggestions on how to improve them accordingly.Tell your peer what your perceptions where
regarding their literature review and how they can improve.
2 pagesBelow is the matrixMATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
APA Citation
(Bass,
Duchowny, &
Llabre, 2009).
Bass, M.,
Duchowny, C.,
& Llabre, M.
(2009). The
Effect of
Therapeutic
Horseback
Riding on Social
Functioning in
Children with
Autism.
Retrieved from
Springer link:
http://link.sprin
ger.com/article/
10.1007/s10803009-0734-3
Research
Question/
Hypothesis
or
Purpose
Purpose:
Evaluate the effects of
therapeutic horseback
riding on social
functioning in
children with autism
Independent
and
Dependent
Variables
Biases and
Limitations
Methodological
Design
Independent
variable:
Female/male
children with
ASD between the
ages of 4 to 10
years old.
Limitations:
Lack of
information about
medical regimens.
Researchers did
not know how
many children
were on
medication, and if
so, what kind
and/or how much
medication they
were received
throughout the
intervention. It was
also unknown if
parents of
participants in
either the
experimental and
control groups
were taking part in
any therapy or
self-help classes.
furthermore 6
participants
dropped out of the
Randomized pretest
and posttest trials.
With a total of 34
children with ASD
diagnosis were
recruited from the
Agency of Persons
with Disabilities and
from the University
of Miami’s Center for
Autism Related
Disabilities. The
experimental group
consisted of 17 males
and 2 females,
ranging from age 5 to
10 years. While the
wait-list control
group was made up
of 3 girls and 12 boys
ranging from 4 to 10
years’ age. All
members of this
group participated in
a 12-week therapeutic
horseback riding
program. The
Dependent
variable:
Sensory
processing,
modulation,
behavioral and
emotional
responses, social
responsiveness,
awareness and
communication.
Results
OT Implications
Socialization
and
Therapeutic
entertainment
horseback riding may are two of the
be an efficacious
most potential
therapeutic option for benefits of petchildren with autism, assisted therapy.
more specially
The result of the
compared to the wait- study indicates
listed participates in
that
the control group.
hypnotherapy
Autistic children in
was more
the experimental
successful that
group improve in
traditional
critical areas such as therapy in
sensory integration
improving
and directed
participant’s
attention,
self-concepts.
demonstrated
improved in social
motivation and
sensory sensitivity, as
well decrease
inattention and
distractibility
Positive
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
(Grandgeorge,
Tordjman,
Lazartigues,
Lemonnier,
Deleau, &
Hausberger,
2012).
Grandgeorge,
M., Tordjman,
S., Lazartigues,
A., Lemonnier,
E., Deleau, M.,
& Hausberger,
M. (2012). Does
pet arrival
trigger
prosocial
Hypothesis:
Bonding with a pet
may help children
with autism in
developing prosocial
behaviors.
Independent
Variable:
Female and male
children with
ADS between the
ages of 4 and 5
years old.
Reasons for
obtaining the pet,
presence of
different pets,
type of human-pet
interaction, and
life setting.
Dependent
Variables:
experimental
group and 3 from
the control group,
believe to be due
to the lack of
incentive for
participation and
the location of the
intervention site.
program consisted of
the child interacting
with the horse to
complete: Mounting
and dismounting,
Exercises, Riding
skills, Mounted
games, and
Horsemanship
activities.
Biases:
Parents may have
acquired a pet
because they
believed that it
would improve the
prosocial
behaviors of their
children with
autism.
The arrival of a pet
may have triggered
a change in the
individuals’
“perception of the
social world”.
Qualitative and
quantitative Type of
research using
interviews and
standardized
questionnaires about
the child-pet
relationship.
Limitations:
Guardian’s verbal
consent provided
Positive
The findings suggest
an improvement in
prosocial behaviors
of the individuals
with autism.
The finding infers the
positive influence of
pet arrival on
parental support in
the development of
individuals with
autism.
Individuals with
autism who
have
experienced the
arrival of a pet
in the family
setting
influences
changes in
aspects of their
socio-emotional
development
suggesting the
improvement of
prosocial
behaviors in
such individuals
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
behaviors in
individuals with
autism? PLoS
One, 7(8)
doi:10.1371/jou
rnal.pone.00417
39
(Salgueiro,
Nunes, Barros,
Maroco,
Salgueiro, &
Dos Santos,
2012).
Salgueiro, E.,
Nunes, L.,
Barros, A.,
Maroco, J.,
Salgueiro, A. I.,
& Dos Santos,
M.,E. (2012).
Effects of a
dolphin
interaction
program on
Purpose:
The goal of this study
was to explore the
possibility
developmental
progress in ASD
children in their
communication and
social skills.
Improvement of
prosocial
behaviors
The study design
and its lack of
power did not
allow the
clarification of the
exact role of pets
in the families who
already owned
pets.
Independent
variables:
Interaction
programs
involving
dolphins and
patients with
various
pathologies or
developmental
disorders.
If a dolphin shows Exploratory research.
distress, the trainer
released the animal
from the
interaction pool
section and called
a different one that
displayed more
motivation to
participate.
There were 8
boys and 2 girls
and the age of
their first
evaluation ranged
from 3 years and
under certain
circumstances.
Negative
This study does not
support significant
developmental
progress resulting
from the dolphin
interaction program.
A positive social
effect of DAT
may be
attributed to the
effects of
socializing, such
as increasing
trust and
responsibility.
Nevertheless,
swimming can
increase whole
body
strengthening,
and improve
motor planning
and coordination
skills.
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
6 months to 13
years and 6
months.
children with
autism
spectrum
disorders – an
exploratory
research. BMC
Research Notes,
5, 199.
doi:10.1186/175
6-0500-5-199
Obrusnikova,
Bibik, Cavalier,
& Manley,
2012.)
Obrusnikova,
I., Bibik, J. M.,
Cavalier, A. R.,
& Manley, K.
(2012).
Integrating
therapy dog
teams in a
physical activity
program for
children with
autism
spectrum
Dependent
variables: Social
communication,
sensory
exploration, play,
cognitive and
behavioral
consistency.
Hypothesis:
The purpose of this
research article is to
corroborate benefits of
therapy-dog assisted
interventions for
children with ASD
and how it will
increase their physical
activity level, social,
and emotional
interactions.
Independent
variables:
4 children with
ASD participated
in dog-assisted
interventions at
the sports club,
club instructors,
and therapy dogs.
Dependent
variable: social,
physical, mental,
and emotional
contact.
Biases:
Although there are
4 participants in
this research article
only one was
described in detail,
lack of time for
participant to
establish
relationship with
therapy dog and
participants’
parents were not
100% adherent to
program guidelines
(limit time child
spent with therapy
dog).
Qualitative-type
research &
Observation and
Interview methods.
Positive
The study concluded
that 3 of the 4
participants presented
increased interest in
attending the sports
club as they
presented decreased
behavioral outbursts.
The team also noted
increased physical,
social and emotional
participation in club
with dog-assisted
activities.
Animal-assisted
therapy, in this
case, dogassisted therapy
benefits children
with ASD as
these
collaborations
increase social
interactions,
sensory
stimulation,
Gross/fine
motor
coordination,
promotes
sequencing,
stimulates
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
positive
behaviors, and
increase
attention span.
disorders.
Journal of
Physical
Education,
Recreation &
Dance, 83(6),
37-41,47-48.
(O’Haire, 2013)
O’Haire, M. E.
(2013). Animalassisted
intervention for
autism
spectrum
disorder: A
systematic
literature
review. Journal
of Autism and
Developmental
Disorders, 43(7),
1606-22.
doi:10.1007/s10
803-012-1707-5
Hypothesis:
Human-animal
interaction (HAI)
theory suggests that
many humans seek out
contact with animals
as calming and nonjudgmental sources of
support and
facilitators of social
interaction.
Purpose:
Presenting a
comprehensive
overview of the
empirical research on
animal-assisted
Highly Variable
Independent
Variables:
Individuals with
ASD interacting
with animals in
therapeutic
activities.
Dependent
Variables:
Improvements in
areas of sensory
and social skills,
behavioral
problems, and
quality of life.
Biases:
The reliance on
potentially biased
informants of child
behavior and
treatment
outcomes.
Only two studies
used blind raters of
behavior and only
one study collected
psychological data.
Limitations:
Small sample size,
lack of detailed
description of
participant
Systematic reviews
and meta-analyses
(PRISMA).
The study procedures
were defined a priori
in a study protocol
that specified the
search strategy,
inclusion and
exclusion criteria and
data extraction items.
Key outcomes were
characterized into
thematic groups
(social interaction,
language and
communication, ASD
severity, problem
Positive
The study revealed
that 9 of the 14
research articles
reviewed reported
that the most
common outcome of
AAI for individuals
with ASD was
“increased social
interaction”.
Five studies reported
significantly greater
social interaction in
the presence of an
animal compared to
no animal.
The
implementation
of AAI in the
treatment of
individuals with
ASD increases
the frequency
and duration of
social behaviors
by increasing
socialization,
social
motivation,
communication,
and
responsiveness.
In addition, the
interaction with
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
intervention (AAI) for
individuals with
autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) by
describing the
characteristics of AAI
for ASD, evaluating
the state of evidence
base, and
summarizing the
reported outcomes of
AAI for ASD.
Hypothesis:
Children with Autism
would demonstrate
increased social
approach behaviors,
prosocial behaviors,
O’Haire M. E., and positive emotional
McKenzie, S. J., displays as well as
decreased problem
Beck, A. M., &
and self-focused
Slaughter, V.
behaviors in sessions
(2013). Social
with animals
behaviors
compared to sessions
increase in
with toys.
children with
autism in the
Typically-developing
presence of
peers would
animals
demonstrate increased
compared to
(O’Haire,
McKenzie,
Beck, &
Slaughter,
2013)
Independent
variables:
Female and male
children with
ADS and
typicallydeveloping
between the ages
of 5-13 years old
interacting with
guinea pigs.
Pet ownership
status.
Dependent
variable:
characteristics, low
number of number
of assessments
(single-study
design), lack of
appropriate control
conditions, and
poor outcome
measures.
behaviors, stress and
well-being) based on
the frequency of their
report across 14
studies.
Biases:
Raters included the
author, research
staff or students
and unspecified
personnel
participating in the
research.
The study evaluates
interactions among
children with ASD
and typicallydeveloping children
in a naturalistic
environment without
therapeutic
intervention to
measure the influence
of animals
independent of
targeted intervention.
Participants’
caregivers, teachers
and school principal
were approached for
Limitations: In the
condition without
an animal, only
one study included
an alternative
focus of attention
(stuffed animal or
toy).
animals can
improve social
development in
typicallydeveloping
children and
facilitate social
interactions
between
humans.
Positive
Results supported the
hypothesis that
children with ASD
would display more
social behaviors in
the presence of
animals. The study
provided evidence
that children with
ASD talked more to
people, looked more
at human faces, and
made more tactile
contact with humans
in the presence of
two guinea pigs
The inclusion of
animals in the OT
intervention
treatments may
improve and increase
social participation
skills of children with
ASD.
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
toys. PLoS One,
8(2)
doi:10.1371/jou
rnal.pone.00570
10
social approach
behaviors towards
children with ASD in
the presence of
animals in comparison
to the presence of
toys.
Social approach
behaviors,
emotional
display,
interaction,
prosocial
behaviors, selffocused and
problem.
The other studies
provided the same
environment with
no animal.
Only one study
examined
interactions with
peers without the
intervention of a
trained therapist,
contrary to the
other studies which
were directed by
an adult therapist
in the context of
targeted
therapeutic
activities.
Lack of
information
regarding
participant
cognitive
functioning (IQ).
written and verbal
consent.
A total of 114
children from
primary schools were
recruited and divided
into 3 groups.
(Ward, Whalon,
Rusnak,
Wendell, &
Paschall, 2013)
Hypotheses:
1. Children with
autism who
participated in TR
lessons would
demonstrate
improvements in
social communication
Independent
Variable:
21 children
diagnosed with
ASD including 15
males and 6
females
Limitations:
1. Small sample
(n=21)
2. Did not include
control group
3. All the data
were generate from
1. Quantitative –type
research
2. Single group quasiexperimental
interrupted time
series design with
two phases of TR
lessons and one phase
Ward, S. C.,
Whalon, K.,
Rusnak, K.,
compared to a
selection of toys.
The researchers
concluded that
participants with
ASD showed more
prosocial behaviors,
displayed positive
Inclusion criteria for
affect such as smiling
children with ASD:
and laughing more
5-13 years-old, K-7
often, and displayed
grade enrolment, a
less negative affect in
reported diagnosis of the presence of
ASD, Asperger’s,
animals compared to
PDD, PDD-NOS, and toys.
no history of animal
abuse.
Inclusion criteria for
children: meet
demographic data.
Positive
The results of this
study provide
evidence that TR can
be an effective
intervention for
children with autism
The findings of this
study can help OT
practitioners to
understand the
benefits of
therapeutic riding
(TR), and include this
type of intervention in
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
Wendell, K., &
Paschall, N.
(2013). The
association
between
therapeutic
horseback
riding and the
social
communication
and sensory
reactions of
children with
autism. Journal
of Autism and
Developmental
Disorders, 43(9),
2190-8.
doi:10.1007/s10
803-013-1773-3
and sensory
processing in their
school classrooms
following a 10-week
TR session.
(Fung & Leung,
2014.)
Hypothesis:
Children with ASD
would present
increased social
interaction including
speech in the presence
of dogs.
Independent
Variables:
Participants in
this study were 8
boys and 2 girls
between the ages
of 7-10 years old.
Purpose:
This study
investigated the role
Dependent
Variables:
Fung, S., &
Leung, A. S.
(2014). Pilot
study
investigating
the role of
therapy dogs in
facilitating
2. Participants would
demonstrate a
regression in ratings
on measures after a
break from TR
lessons, however, the
participants would
regain the
improvement during a
subsequent 8-week
TR session.
interacting with
horse.
a single source: a
teacher.
of planned
interruption.
Dependent
Variable:
Social
communication,
sensory
processing
and that the positive
impact of TR
transfers to
classroom settings.
their clinical practice
to increase the social
engage of children
with autism, promote
changes in the
responses to sensory
stimuli including
increases in sensory
integration, directed
attention, and sensory
sensitivity.
Also, this type of
intervention involves
instruction and
structured routines
increasing children’s
attention span and
follow direction
skills.
Biases:
Quantitative-type
Raters included the research and
authors, research
Observation methods.
staff and parents.
Participants were
Limitations:
separated into two
Small sample size. groups. One group
incorporated a dog
and the comparison
group used a doll. 14
intervention sessions
Dog-assisted therapy
has demonstrated its
benefits for children
Both groups
with Autism.
displayed positive
Emotional, social,
impact between the
physical, and mental
therapy dog and the
capabilities were
doll however; the
enhanced for the
therapy dog
participants and
presented a
significant increase in stipulated a positive
outcome for this
Positive
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
social
interaction
among children
with autism.
Journal of
Contemporary
Psychotherapy,
44(4), 253-262.
of therapy dogs and
how they facilitate
social interaction and
provided preliminary
evidence of the
effectiveness of
therapy dogs for
children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder
(ASD).
Level of social
interaction and
communication
skills.
(Lanning,
Baier,
Matyastik,
Ivey-hatz,
Krenek, &
Tubbs, 2014)
Hypotheses:
1. Children with ASD
participating in an
equines assisted
activities (EAA)
program will
demonstrate
improvement in
several quality of life
domains.
2. Children with
ASD participating in
an EAA program will
demonstrate greater
positive changes in
quality of life domains
compared to those
participating in a nonequine program.
Independent
Variables:
Group 1: 12 male
children with
ASD between the
ages 5-14 years
old /social circles
program
Lanning, B. A.,
Baier, M. E.,
Matyastik,
Ivey-hatz, J.,
Krenek, N., &
Tubbs, J. D.
(2014). Effects
of equine
assisted
activities on
autism
spectrum
disorder.
Journal of
Autism and
Biases: The results
were influenced by
the sample size
(small sample size)
and the high
variability of the
scores.
Only one evaluator
Group 2: 13
(the parent).
children including
4 females and 9
males between
the ages of 4-15
years old/
EAA program
Children
interacting with
horses
held by a female
therapist which
provided structured
and directive play
therapy.
social/verbal
interaction.
study and future
studies.
1. Quantitative-type
research.
2. Longitudinal, quasi
experimental study.
3. Repeated measures
research design.
4. Logistic model.
Positive
The findings of this
article provide
relevant information
about the therapeutic
benefits of horseback
riding for children
with ASD. The
information provided
in this article can be
useful to develop
occupational therapy
interventions for this
population since there
is evidence that the
children display calm
behaviors after this
type of treatment,
while exhibiting
better communication
and attention
skills.
Instruments used:
PedsQL to measure
HRQOL
And CHQ
Results from this
study support the (1)
first hypothesis and
partially supports the
(2) second
hypothesis.
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
Dependent
Variable:
Changes in
quality of life and
behavior in
children with
ASD.
Developmental
Disorders, 44(8),
1897-907.
doi:10.1007/s10
803-014-2062-5
(Siewertesen,
French, &
Teramoto,
2015).
Siewertesen, C.,
French, E., &
Teramoto, M.
(2015). Autism
spectrum
disorder and
pet therapy.
Advances
Journal, 29(2),
(22-25).
Retrieved from:
http://www.adv
ancesjournal.co
m/openaccess/Si
ewertsen.pdf
Hypothesis:
Improvements can
occur in ASD
patients’ social and
cognitive functioning
when they experience
pet therapy
Independent
variables:
Female/male
children with
ASD between the
ages of 2-18
interacting with
horses and dogs
Dependent
variable:
Social interaction,
behavior.
Lack of control
groups and small
sample sizes
Qualitative research
using a
phenomenology
design to answered
the questions of the
phenomenon of living
experience and social
interaction of
children with ASD
and dogs.
The study record data
from a control group
of families that had
never owned a dog,
and an intervention
group family that had
owned a dog since
the birth of their
children with ASD.
Subjective
questionaries’ were
also used often
completed by parents.
Positive
The research
concluded that the
use of assistance and
therapy dog can
reduce the severity of
ASD. Furthermore,
the study was
significant because
found that therapy
dog can promote the
comfort and
happiness of the
whole family by
facilitating
interactions.
The use of animals
has proved that
children can be
positively affected,
decrease ASD
disruptive behavior,
improve socialization
and increase
independence
Furthermore, OT can
use PET therapy
through approaches
such as create/
promote,
establish/restore,
maintain modify and
prevent.
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
(Solomon,
2015).
Solomon, O.
(2015). “Buthe’ll fall!”:
Children with
autism,
interspecies
intersubjectivity,
and the
problem of
‘being social’.
Culture,
Medicine and
Psychiatry,
39(2), 323-344.
doi:10.1007/s11
013-015-9446-7
(Wright, Hall,
Hames,
Hardiman,
Mills, & Mills,
2015)
Wright, H. F.,
Hall, S., Hames,
A., Hardiman,
J., Mills, R., &
Mills, D. S.
(2015).
Hypothesis:
Children’s social
actions related to the
displays of affect and
inter-subjectivity are
afforded by an
interactional substrate
involving animals
Independent
variables:
Female/ Children
with ASD (9year-old)
interacting with
dogs and cats.
Child’s intersubjectivity
reasoning.
1.Sex: only
females
2.Limitations
inherent in an
ethnographic
approach to
understanding
interspecies intersubjectivity.
1.Qualitative –type
research
2.Design method:
ethnographic study
Positive
The author concluded
that: “interactional
substrate” is a useful
concept to understand
the problem of
“being social in
ASD.
The use of animals
such as dog or cat to
address tactile
defensiveness, afford
sensory modalities of
knowing, and
increase social
interaction
Four participants
dropped off from
the study, due to
poor participations
from the parents.
Therefore, they
were removed
from the data set as
precaution due to
extremely low
defensive
responding scores,
DescriptiveQualitative &
Prospective Case
Control Study.
Positive
A significant number
of parents in the
intervention group
moved from
clinically high to
normal levels of
Parental Distress.
The results highlight
the potential of pent
dogs to reduce stress
in primary caregiver
A dog can help
children with ASD to
regulate stress and
calm themselves,
making them better
equipped to overcome
the challenges of their
disorder. In addition,
living with a dog can
provide companion to
the child, while
alleviating anxiety
Dependent
variable:
Social interaction
and social skills.
Hypothesis:
The study describes
the impact of pet dogs
on stress of primary
caregiver of children
with ASD. Stress
levels of 38 primary
caregivers acquiring a
dog and 24 controls
not acquiring a dog.
Independent
variables: Female
and male children
with clinical
diagnosis of ASD
between the ages
of 2-16 years old,
primary
caregivers of each
child, and dogs.
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
Acquiring a pet
dog
significantly
reduces stress
of primary
carers for
children with
autism
spectrum
disorder: A
prospective case
control study.
Journal of
Autism and
Developmental
Disorders, 45(8),
2531-2540.
doi:10.1007/s10
803-015-2418-5
(Borgi, Loliva,
Cerino,
Chiarotti,
Venerosi,
Bramini,
Marcelli, M,
2015).
Borgi, M.,
Loliva, D.,
Cerino, S.,
Chiarotti, F.,
Venerosi, A.,
Hypothesis:
Six months equineassisted therapy
program would
ameliorate both
adaptive and
executive functioning
in children with ADS,
compared to a control
group
Dependent
variables:
Reduction of
stress, social
interaction, and
social support.
as per the
procedure used
with the
intervention group.
Independent
Variables:
Males children
from 6-12 years’
old with ASD.
Limitations:
Small sample size,
and the randomly
assigned subjects
in the EAT group,
those in the control
condition
presented very
different baseline
scores in some of
the domain
assessed. As
consequence
Dependent
variable:
social interaction,
problem solving,
following
commands.
of children with
ASD.
and stress of the
child’s caregivers.
Positive
On average children
show a time
dependent
improvement in both
adaptive and
executive
functioning. Children
attending EAT
sessions showed
improvement in
socialization,
improvement in
Animals contribute to
our overall wellbeing.
Promoting optimal
mental, and physical
functioning of
children at home and
within the
community.
Limitation: It was
difficult to make
direct comparisons
with other studies
measuring parental
stress level in ASD
programs.
Quantitative
randomized pre-post
test including both
indirect (interviews to
parents) and direct
(problem solving
task) trials.
Participants were 28
children, all males,
verbal with IQs > 70
and including in
conventional
therapies and holistic
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
Bramini, M.,
Marcelli, M.
(2015).
Effectiveness of
a Standardized
Equine- Assisted
Therapy
Program for
Children with
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder .
Retrieved from
US NAtional
Library of
Medicine
National
Instutute of
Health :
http://www.ncbi
.nlm.nih.gov/pu
bmed/26210515
(Hall, Wright,
Hames, Mills, &
Team, 2016)
Hall, S.,
Wright, H.,
Hames, A.,
Mills, D., &
Team., P.
(2016). The
Purpose:
The study aims to
stablish the proof of
concepts for pet dog
ownership as a
method to improve the
lives of those affected
by Autism.
Independent
variable:
66 sets of parents
and children with
autism between
the ages of 3-16
years.
Dependent
variable:
researcher
wouldn’t rule out
that the better
baseline
performance
observed may have
left little room for
improvement in
the control group.
Furthermore 2 of
the 28 children
recruited were
eliminated from
the analysis of the
VABS’s score due
to organizational
problems, and one
form the TOL
score since he
refused to
complete the test at
baseline.
assistance. The
experimental group
consist of 15 children
between the ages of
6-12 years old with
ASD and a control
group of 13 children
with comparable ages
to those in the
experimental group.
EAT sessions consist
in structured
activities involving
horses including
riding and work on
the ground (e.g.
grooming) for 6
months with a total
number of 25
sessions for each
patient.
following directions
at home and in the
community
Limitations:
The findings were
limited based on a
relatively small
sample selected.
Furthermore, in the
intervention group
of 24 families, 7
were not
contactable via
Quantitative
standardized self
report.
Participants were
recruited for the
original studies on a
voluntary basis via
Dogs for the
Disabled’s PAWS
(Parents Autism
Positive
Families reduced
difficulties and
increase family
strengths compared
to those who did not
acquired a pet.
furthermore,
parenting stress
scores reveled trends
Pet assist therapy is
becoming more
popular as time
progress as a
supportive therapeutic
tool and it has the
ability to be crucial
component in some
individual’s
MATRIX: HOW DOES PET THERAPY IMPACT SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM?
long-term
benefits of dog
ownership in
families with
children with
autism.
Retrieved from
Research Gate:
https://www.res
earchgate.net/p
ublication/3017
61143_The_Lon
gTerm_Benefits_
of_Dog_Owners
hip_in_Families
_with_Children
_with_Autism
Reduction of
depressive mood,
stress, and offer
comfort in times
of needs.
phone or e-mail,
and 13 withdrew
from the study.
Workshops and
Support). There were
42 sets of parents in
the intervention
group and 24 in the
control group, both
groups had confirmed
children with
diagnosis of ASD and
ages between the 316 years. Data was
collected from
families using the
Family functioning
(Brief FAM –IIIGenrela Scale) the
parenting stress
(parenting Stress
Index-Short Form)
and the analysis of
family functioning.
to a greater reduction
in all domains, also
showed that autism
assistance dogs
increase child safety,
outdoor access, and
enhance
communication and
social interaction
with other people.
rehabilitation and
recovery.
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